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Persistent social division, civil strife, and political instability were exacerbated by the Balkan Wars, World War I, and the Greco-Turkish War. The Kingdom of Greece embarked on an ambitious nationalist project that vastly expanded its territory over the next century. Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830 following a protracted war of independence. Following the gradual decline and fragmentation of the Byzantine Empire, Greece came under Ottoman rule in the mid-15th century. Modern Greek identity began taking shape with the emergence of the Greek Orthodox Church in the first century AD, which transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, which was predominately Greek in culture and language. The subsequent Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek culture and influence in antiquity. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the known ancient world from the eastern Mediterranean to northwestern India. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states known as poleis (singular polis) that spanned the Mediterranean and Black seas. Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, theatre, and the Olympic Games. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras. It has a population of nearly 10.3 million.
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Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin, featuring thousands of islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula. eu domain is also used, as in other European Union member states. Other short formats: dd-mm-yyyy, dd/mm/yyyy.The Church of Greece is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the prevailing religion in Greece, and is the only country in the world where Eastern Orthodoxy is clearly recognized as a state religion.